Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nesimo samanje sezinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza Kusukela ngekhulu leminyaka elisha, umnotho wezwe lami ubulokhu uthuthuka ngesivinini esikhulu, kodwa futhi ubhekene nokungqubuzana okuthile ngenkathi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bamandla enuzi, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi, i-biotechnology kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuthuthukile ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, umphakathi wesintu uye waqongelela ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo enamandla ngendlela engakaze ibonwe kanye nempucuko engokomoya.Abantu baphishekela izinga eliphezulu lempilo futhi banethemba lokuphila impilo enempilo.Impilo ephephile futhi ende.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu babhekene nezinkinga ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni, njengokushoda kwezinsiza, ukuphela kwamandla, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukuwohloka kwemvelo yemvelo (izingqimba zeqhwa, izindawo ezinotshani, amaxhaphozi, ukuncishiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukugwaduleka, imvula eneasidi, izivunguvungu zesihlabathi, iChihu, isomiso Umphumela ovamile, obamba ukushisa, isimo sezulu esingavamile sika-El Niño), konke lokhu kusongela ukuphila kwesintu.Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kungqubuzana okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, umqondo wentuthuko esimeme uya ngokuya ukhulunywa ngawo ku-ajenda.
Intuthuko esimeme isho intuthuko engahlangabezana nezidingo zabantu bamanje ngaphandle kokulimaza izidingo zezizukulwane ezizayo.Ngamanye amazwi, kubhekiselwa ekuthuthukisweni okudidiyelwe komnotho, umphakathi, izinsiza, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.Ziyisimiso esingenakuhlukaniswa esingafezi nje kuphela umgomo wokuthuthukiswa komnotho, kodwa futhi esivikela umkhathi, amanzi ahlanzekile, ulwandle, umhlaba, nomhlaba abantu abathembele kuwo ukuze baphile.Imithombo yemvelo njengamahlathi nemvelo yenza izizukulwane ezizayo zithuthuke ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ziphile futhi zisebenze ngokuthula nokwaneliseka.Intuthuko eqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke ihlanganisa amaphuzu amahlanu abalulekile: usizo lwentuthuko, amanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhweba ngemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme nokuvikelwa kwemvelo akuhlobene nje kuphela, kodwa akufani.Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kuyisici esibalulekile sentuthuko esimeme.Lesi sihloko sifuna ukuqala ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi sikhulume mayelana nentuthuko kanye nesimo samanje sezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki esingenakuzenza ngaphandle kombono wentuthuko esimeme.Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-20 selokhu yangena ezweni lami, ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki kukleliswe endaweni yesine emhlabeni.Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki inzima ukuyehlisa isithunzi, futhi ukulimala okungathi sína “kokungcola okumhlophe” kwayo kuye kwabangela ukulahlekelwa okungenakulinganiswa emphakathini nasemvelweni.Minyaka yonke, kumoshwa indawo enkulu ukuze kungcwatshwe udoti wepulasitiki.Uma ingalawulwa, izoletha umonakalo omkhulu kubantwana bethu nabazukulu, emhlabeni esiphila kuwo, futhi kuthinte intuthuko esimeme yomhlaba.
Ngakho-ke, ukufuna izinsiza ezintsha zokuthuthukiswa okusimeme, ukuhlola nokucwaninga izinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza ezinobungani bemvelo sekuyisihloko esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa okusimeme komphakathi wesintu.Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980 kuze kube manje, izisebenzi zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ezivela emhlabeni wonke zenze umsebenzi omningi wokuhlola kusukela ekugayweni kabusha kwezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki kuya ekufuneni izinto ezintsha ezizothatha indawo yezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki ezingaboli.Ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokuwohloka kwamapulastiki asetshenziselwa ukupakisha, okwamanje, ahlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezinhlanu: amapulasitiki awonakaliswa kabili, i-polypropylene, imicu yotshani, imikhiqizo yamaphepha, nezinto zokupakisha ezingaboli ngokuphelele.
1. Ipulasitiki ewohlokayo kabili: ukwengeza isitashi epulasitiki kubizwa ngokuthi ipulasitiki ebolayo, ukwengeza i-photodegradable Initiator ibizwa nge-photodegradable plastic, futhi ukwengeza isitashi kanye ne-photodegradation Initiator ngesikhathi esifanayo kubizwa ngepulasitiki eboleka kabili.Njengoba ipulasitiki ephindwe kabili ewohlokayo ayikwazi ukwehlisa ngokuphelele isimo sengxenye, ingachithwa kuphela ibe yizicucu ezincane noma i-powder, futhi umonakalo wemvelo wemvelo awukwazi ukuba buthakathaka nhlobo, kodwa nakakhulu nakakhulu.Ama-photosensitizer akupulasitiki awonakaliswa ukukhanya kanye namapulasitiki awonakaliswa kabili anobuthi obuhlukahlukene, kanti amanye angama-carcinogens.Iningi labaqalisi be-photodegradation lakhiwe i-anthracene, i-phenanthrene, i-phenanthrene, i-benzophenone, i-alkylamine, i-anthraquinone kanye nokuphuma kwayo.Lezi zinhlanganisela ziyizinto ezinobuthi futhi zingadala umdlavuza ngemva kokuchayeka isikhathi eside.Lezi zinhlanganisela zikhiqiza ama-radicals mahhala ngaphansi kokukhanya, futhi ama-radicals mahhala azoba nemiphumela emibi emzimbeni womuntu mayelana nokuguga, izici ze-pathogenic, njll. Lokhu kwaziwa yibo bonke, futhi kubangela umonakalo omkhulu endaweni yemvelo.Ngo-1995, i-US FDA (ifushane Yokuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa) yakubeka ngokusobala ukuthi amapulasitiki abolayo angeke asetshenziswe ekufakweni kokudla.
2. I-Polypropylene: I-Polypropylene kwakheka kancane kancane emakethe yaseShayina ngemva kokuba Ikhomishana Yezomnotho Nezohwebo Yasekuqaleni ikhiphe umyalo wesi-6 “wokwenqabela izitsha zepulasitiki ezinegwebu ezilahlwayo”.Ngenxa yokuthi i-State Economic and Trade Commission yangaphambili yavala “amapulasitiki anegwebu” futhi ayizange ivimbele imikhiqizo “yepulasitiki engenagwebu,” abanye abantu basizakala ngamagebe emigomeni kazwelonke.Ubuthi be-polypropylene budonse ukunaka kweHhovisi Lokondliwa Kwabafundi kuHulumeni Kamasipala waseBeijing.I-Beijing isiqalile ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-polypropylene tableware phakathi kwabafundi besikole samabanga aphansi naphakathi.
3. Izinto zokupakisha ze-Straw fiber: Njengoba izinkinga zokufaka umbala, ukukhucululwa kwendle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezinto zokupakisha zefayibha yotshani kunzima ukuzixazulula, amazinga okupakisha akhishwe yiKhomishini Yangaphambili Yezomnotho Nezohwebo kanye ne-State Technical Supervision Bureau ngoDisemba 1999 afakiwe. Umbala, inhlanzeko, nezinsimbi ezisindayo zezinto zokupakisha ziyizinto ezibalulekile zokuhlola, ezikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinjalo emakethe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkinga yamandla yezinto zokupakisha ze-grass fibre ayikaxazululwa, futhi ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha okungangethuki kwezinto zasendlini namathuluzi, futhi izindleko ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
4. Izinto zokupakisha zomkhiqizo wephepha: Ngoba izinto zokupakisha zomkhiqizo wephepha zidinga inani elikhulu le-pulp, futhi inani elikhulu le-pulp yokhuni liyengezwa ngokwezidingo ezahlukene (njengezitsha ze-noodle ezisheshayo zidinga ukwengeza u-85-100% we-pulp yezinkuni ukuze zigcinwe. amandla nokuqina kwesitsha se-noodle esisheshayo),
Isikhungo Sokuhlola Izinto Zokupakisha-Isikhungo Esingcono Kakhulu Sokuhlola Ukupakisha Nokuthutha singokwesayensi futhi sinobulungisa.Ngale ndlela, ukungcola kwesigaba sokuqala se-pulp esetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yephepha kubi kakhulu, futhi umthelela we-pulp yezinkuni emithonjeni yemvelo nawo mkhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunomkhawulo.I-United States yasebenzisa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yokupakishwa kwamaphepha ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nawo-1980, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo yathathelwa indawo izinto ezibolayo ezisekelwe kwisitashi.
5. Izinto zokupakisha ezibolayo ngokuphelele: Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izwe lami, kanye namazwe athuthukile njenge-United States, iJalimane, iJapane, neNingizimu Korea, benza ucwaningo ngokulandelana kwezinto zokupakisha ezibolayo ezisekelwe isitashi, futhi bathola imiphumela egculisayo.Njengempahla eyonakala ngokwemvelo, i-polymer ebolayo ibambe iqhaza eliyingqayizivele ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, futhi ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwayo nakho kuthuthukiswe ngokushesha.Izinto ezibizwa nge-biodegradable materials kumele kube izinto ezingagaywa ngokuphelele amagciwane futhi zikhiqize imikhiqizo yemvelo kuphela (i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, amanzi, i-biomass, njll.).
Njengento yokupakisha elahlwayo, isitashi asinakho ukungcola ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa, futhi singasetshenziswa njengokuphakelayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa ukuphakela izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane, futhi singehliswa njengomanyolo.Phakathi kwezinto eziningi zokupakisha ezibolayo ngokuphelele, i-polylactic acid (i-PLA), eyenziwe nge-polymerized yi-biosynthetic lactic acid, isibe umcwaningi osebenza kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo kanye nezici zokusetshenziswa kwazo zombili izinto zokwakha i-bioengineering kanye nezinto ze-biomedical.izinto eziphilayo.I-Polylactic acid iyi-polymer etholwe ngokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa e-lactic acid ekhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa isalondoloza ukuhambisana okuhle kwe-biocompatibility kanye ne-biodegradability.Ngakho-ke, i-polylactic acid ingacutshungulwa ibe yizinto ezihlukahlukene zokupakisha, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokukhiqizwa kwe-PLA kungu-20% -50% kuphela wemikhiqizo ye-petrochemical yendabuko, kanye negesi ye-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwayo i-50 kuphela.
Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, uhlobo olusha lwempahla yokupakisha engaboli ngokuphelele-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) lwenziwe ngokushesha.Kuyi-polyester ye-intracellular ehlanganiswe ama-microorganisms amaningi kanye ne-polymer biomaterial yemvelo.Ine-biocompatibility enhle, i-biodegradability kanye nezakhiwo ezishisayo zokucubungula amapulasitiki, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-biomedical kanye nezinto zokupakisha ezibolayo.Lena sekuyiyona ndawo esebenza kakhulu yocwaningo emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza eminyakeni yakamuva.Kodwa ngokwezinga lamanje lobuchwepheshe, akufanelekile ukucabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto eziwohlokayo kungaxazulula "ukungcola okumhlophe", ngoba ukusebenza kwesicelo sale mikhiqizo akulungile, futhi kusenezinkinga eziningi.Okokuqala, intengo yezinto ze-polymer e-biodegradable iphezulu futhi akulula ukuyikhuthaza nokufaka isicelo.Isibonelo, ibhokisi le-polypropylene eliwohlokayo lokudla okusheshayo elikhushulwa kujantshi wesitimela ezweni lami liphakeme ngo-50% kuya ku-80% kunebhokisi lokuqala lokudla okunegwebu le-polystyrene.
Okwesibili, ukusebenza akukakagculisi.Okunye okubi okuyinhloko kokusebenza kwayo ukuthi wonke amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo anesitashi anokumelana namanzi ampofu, amandla angenamandla amanzi, futhi anciphisa kakhulu izakhiwo zemishini lapho evezwe emanzini.Ukumelana namanzi yiyona inzuzo yamapulasitiki amanje ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Isibonelo, ibhokisi lokudla okusheshayo le-polypropylene elikwazi ukubola alisebenziseki kangako kunebhokisi elikhona le-polystyrene legwebu lokudla okusheshayo, lithambile, futhi kulula ukonakala lapho kufakwa ukudla okushisayo.Amabhokisi esidlo sasemini e-styrofoam makhulu ngokuphindwe ka-1 ~ 2.Ipulasitiki ye-Polyvinyl alcohol-starch biodegradable isetshenziswa njengezinto ezilahlwayo zokupakisha.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezijwayelekile zokugoqa utshwala ze-polyvinyl, ukuminyana kwayo okubonakalayo kuphakeme kancane, kulula ukuncipha ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama ophezulu, futhi kulula ukuncibilika emanzini.Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini.
Okwesithathu, inkinga yokulawulwa kokuwohloka kwezinto ze-polymer ezonakele idinga ukuxazululwa.Njengempahla yokupakisha, idinga isikhathi esithile sokusetshenziswa, futhi kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kokulawula isikhathi okunembile kanye nokuwohloka okuphelele nokusheshayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa.Kusenegebe elikhulu phakathi kwezidingo ezingokoqobo, ikakhulukazi kumapulasitiki esitashi agcwele, iningi lawo elingeke lehliswe ungakapheli unyaka owodwa.Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi luye lwafakazela ukuthi isisindo sabo samangqamuzana sehla kakhulu ngaphansi kwesenzo semisebe ye-ultraviolet, lokhu akufani nezidingo ezingokoqobo.Emazweni athuthukile njenge-United States naseYurophu, awazange amukelwe yizinhlangano zezemvelo kanye nomphakathi.Okwesine, indlela yokuhlola ye-biodegradability yezinto ze-polymer idinga ukuthuthukiswa.Ngenxa yezici eziningi ezivimbela ukusebenza kokonakala kwamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo, kunomehluko omningi endaweni, isimo sezulu, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, nezindlela zokulahla udoti zamazwe ahlukahlukene.Ngakho-ke, kusho ukuthini ukucekelwa phansi, ukuthi isikhathi sokuwohloka kufanele sichazwe, futhi uyini umkhiqizo wokwehlisa isithunzi, lezi zindaba zehlulekile ukufinyelela ukuvumelana.Izindlela zokuhlola namazinga ahluke kakhulu.Kuthatha isikhathi ukusungula indlela yokuhlola ebumbene nephelele..Okwesihlanu, ukusetshenziswa kwempahla ye-polymer eyonakaliswayo kuzothinta ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto ze-polymer, futhi kuyadingeka ukusungula izikhungo ezihambisanayo zokucubungula zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingaboli.Nakuba izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki ezibolayo ezakhiwe njengamanje azikayixazululi ngokuphelele inkinga eyandayo “yokungcola okumhlophe”, kuseyindlela esebenzayo yokudambisa ukungqubuzana.Ukubukeka kwayo akugcini nje ukwandisa imisebenzi yepulasitiki, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwesintu nemvelo, futhi kukhuthaze intuthuko esimeme yomhlaba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-08-2021