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Itsinda ryatsindiye ibihembo byabanyamakuru, abashushanya, naba videwo bavuga inkuru zamamaza binyuze mumurongo wihariye wa Company
Niba uguze urusenda muri Portland, Oregon, ikinyobwa gishobora kuza mubikombe bya pulasitiki ifumbire mvaruganda, amahitamo nyirubwite yatekereje ashobora gukora kugirango ibikorwa byabo birambye.Urashobora gutekereza, ukirebye vuba, ko ufasha kwirinda igice cyikibazo cyimyanda.Ariko ifumbire mvaruganda ya Portland, kimwe no mumijyi myinshi, irabuza cyane cyane gupakira ifumbire mvaruganda - kandi ubu bwoko bwa plastike ntibuzavunika mumashanyarazi.Nubwo ari ifumbire mvaruganda, kontineri izarangirira mu myanda (cyangwa wenda inyanja), aho plastiki ishobora kumara igihe cyose ikomoka kuri peteroli.
Nurugero rumwe rwa sisitemu itanga amasezerano adasanzwe yo kuvugurura ikibazo cyimyanda ariko kandi ifite inenge cyane.Imijyi igera kuri 185 yonyine ni yo itoragura imyanda y'ibiryo ku ifumbire mvaruganda, kandi munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyayo nayo yemera gupakira ifumbire.Bimwe muribyo bipfunyika birashobora gufumbirwa gusa ninganda ifumbire mvaruganda;bamwe mu bahimbyi b'inganda bavuga ko batabishaka, kubwimpamvu zitandukanye zirimo ikibazo cyo kugerageza gutandukanya plastiki isanzwe, kandi kuba bishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugirango plastiki ifumbire mvaruganda isenyuke kuruta uko bisanzwe.Ubwoko bumwe bwo gupakira ifumbire mvaruganda irimo imiti ifitanye isano na kanseri.
Mugihe ibigo bigoye guhangana nikibazo cyo gupakira inshuro imwe, ifumbire mvaruganda iragenda iba rusange, kandi abaguzi barashobora gutekereza ko ari icyatsi kibisi niba bazi ko ibipfunyika bitazigera bifumbirwa.Sisitemu, nubwo, itangiye guhinduka, harimo udushya dushya mubikoresho.Umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo kidaharanira inyungu cya Biodegradable Products, Rhodes Yepsen agira ati: "Ibi ni ibibazo byakemuka, ntabwo ari ibibazo byihariye."Niba sisitemu ishobora gukosorwa - kimwe na sisitemu yamenetse ikeneye gukosorwa - irashobora kuba igice kimwe cyo gukemura ikibazo kinini cyo gukura imyanda.Ntabwo aricyo gisubizo cyonyine.Yepsen avuga ko byumvikana gutangirana no kugabanya ibipfunyika no gushyira imbere ibicuruzwa byongera gukoreshwa, hanyuma ugashushanya ikintu cyose gisigaye kugirango gisubirwemo cyangwa gifumbire bitewe na porogaramu.Ariko gupakira ifumbire mvaruganda byumvikana cyane kubiryo;niba ibiryo n'ibipfunyika byombi bishobora gufumbirwa hamwe, birashobora kandi gufasha kurinda ibiryo byinshi mumyanda, aho ari isoko nyamukuru ya metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye.
Ifumbire yihutisha inzira karemano yo kwangirika kw ibinyabuzima-nka pome yariye kimwe cya kabiri - binyuze muri sisitemu itanga uburyo bukwiye bwa mikorobe irya imyanda.Rimwe na rimwe, ibyo biroroshye nk'ikirundo cy'ibiribwa n'imyanda yo mu gikari umuntu ahindukirira mu gikari.Kuvanga ubushyuhe, intungamubiri, na ogisijeni bigomba kuba byiza kugirango inzira ikore neza;ibigega by'ifumbire hamwe na barrale bituma ibintu byose bishyuha, byihutisha guhindura imyanda ikungahaye cyane, ifumbire mvaruganda ishobora gukoreshwa mu busitani nkifumbire.Ibice bimwe byashizweho kugirango bikore imbere mugikoni.
Murugo murugo cyangwa ikirundo cyinyuma, imbuto n'imboga birashobora kumeneka byoroshye.Ariko isanduku yinyuma birashoboka ko itazashyuha bihagije kugirango isenye ifumbire mvaruganda, nk'isanduku yo gufata bioplastique cyangwa agati kakozwe muri PLA (aside polylactique), ibikoresho biva mu bigori, ibisheke, cyangwa ibindi bimera.Irakeneye guhuza neza ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, nigihe - ikintu gishobora kubaho gusa munganda zifumbire mvaruganda, ndetse no mubihe bimwe na bimwe.Frederik Wurm, umuhanga mu by'imiti mu kigo cya Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, yise ibyatsi bya PLA “urugero rwiza rwo koza ibyatsi,” kubera ko nibirangirira mu nyanja, ntibizaba biodegrade.
Ibigo byinshi bifumbira ifumbire mvaruganda byateguwe mbere yo gufata imyanda yo mu gikari nk'amababi n'amashami, ntabwo ari ibiryo.No muri iki gihe, mu bigo 4.700 bifata imyanda y'icyatsi, 3% bonyine ni bo bafata ibiryo.San Francisco ni umujyi umwe wari utangiye kwakira icyo gitekerezo, ukagerageza gukusanya imyanda y'ibiribwa mu 1996 ugatangiza uwo mujyi mu 2002. (Seattle yakurikiranye mu 2004, amaherezo n'indi mijyi myinshi nawo urabikora; Boston ni umwe mu baherutse, hamwe n'umuderevu guhera muri uyu mwaka.) Mu mwaka wa 2009, San Francisco yabaye umujyi wa mbere muri Amerika washyizeho itegeko ry’ibicuruzwa by’ibiribwa byongera gukoreshwa, byohereza amakamyo y’imyanda y’ibiribwa mu kigo cyagutse kiri mu kibaya cyo hagati cya Kaliforuniya, aho cyashizwe hasi kigashyirwa mu birundo binini.Mugihe mikorobe zirya ibiryo, ibirundo bishyuha kugeza kuri dogere 170.Nyuma y'ukwezi, ibikoresho bikwirakwizwa mu kandi karere, aho bihindurwa n'imashini buri munsi.Nyuma yiminsi 90 kugeza 130, iriteguye kugenzurwa no kugurishwa kubuhinzi nkifumbire.Isosiyete ikora ibijyanye na Recology, Recology, ivuga ko ibisabwa ku bicuruzwa bikomeye, cyane ko Californiya yemera gukwirakwiza ifumbire mvaruganda mu rwego rwo gufasha ubutaka gukuramo karubone mu kirere kugira ngo barwanye imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ku myanda y'ibiryo, ikora neza.Ariko ifumbire mvaruganda irashobora kuba ingorabahizi no kubikoresho bingana.Ibicuruzwa bimwe bishobora gufata amezi agera kuri atandatu kugirango bisenyuke, kandi umuvugizi wa Recology avuga ko bimwe mubikoresho bigomba gusuzumwa birangiye kandi bigakorwa muburyo bwa kabiri.Ibindi bikoresho byinshi byifumbire mvaruganda bisuzumwa mugitangira, kuko bisa na plastiki isanzwe, kandi byoherejwe mumyanda.Ibindi bikoresho bifumbire mvaruganda bikora byihuse, bigamije kubyara ifumbire mvaruganda yo kugurisha bishoboka, ntibashaka gutegereza amezi kugirango ikibabi kibore kandi nticyemere na gato.
Imifuka myinshi ya chip irangirira mu myanda, kubera ko ikozwe mubice byinshi byibikoresho bidashobora gukoreshwa neza.Umufuka mushya wa snack mu iterambere ubu uva muri PepsiCo hamwe nisosiyete ipakira ibintu Danimer Scientific iratandukanye: Yakozwe mubikoresho bishya byitwa PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) Danimer azatangira kubyara ibicuruzwa nyuma yuyu mwaka, igikapu cyagenewe kumeneka kuburyo bworoshye kuburyo gishobora guhindurwamo ifumbire mvaruganda, ndetse izacika mumazi akonje yo mu nyanja, nta plastike isize inyuma.
Ari mubyiciro byambere, ariko ni intambwe yingenzi kubwimpamvu nyinshi.Kubera ko kontineri ya PLA isanzwe ubu idashobora gufumbirwa murugo, kandi ifumbire mvaruganda yanga gukorana nibikoresho, PHA itanga ubundi buryo.Niba birangiye mu ruganda rukora ifumbire mvaruganda, bizasenyuka byihuse, bifashe gukemura kimwe mubibazo byubucuruzi.Umuyobozi mukuru wa Danimer, Stephen Croskrey agira ati: “Iyo ufashe [PLA] mu gikoresho gifatika, baba bashaka guhindura ibyo bikoresho vuba vuba.Ati: "Kubera ko byihuse bashobora kuyihindura, niko binjiza amafaranga menshi.Ibikoresho bizacika mu ifumbire yabo.Gusa ntibakunda ko bitwara igihe kirenze uko bashaka. ”
PHA, ishobora kandi guhinduka mubicuruzwa bitandukanye bya pulasitike, bikozwe muburyo butandukanye.Croskrey agira ati: “Dufata amavuta y'ibimera tukayagaburira bagiteri.Bagiteri ikora plastike mu buryo butaziguye, kandi ibiyigize bivuze ko na bagiteri nayo imeneka byoroshye kuruta plastiki isanzwe ishingiye ku bimera.“Impamvu ikora neza muri biodegradation ni ukubera ko ari isoko y'ibiribwa bikunzwe na bagiteri.Ukimara rero kuyanduza bagiteri, bazatangira kuyitekerezaho, kandi bizashira. ”.
Gutanga amahirwe yo gupakira ifumbire murugo birashobora gufasha kuziba icyuho kubantu badafite ifumbire mvaruganda.Simon Lowden, perezida akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza ku biribwa ku isi muri PepsiCo, uyobora gahunda ihamye ya plastiki y’isosiyete, yagize ati: "Uko dushobora gukuraho inzitizi zituruka ku baguzi kugira uruhare mu ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa gutunganya ibicuruzwa, ni byiza."Isosiyete ikora ibisubizo byinshi kubicuruzwa n'amasoko atandukanye, harimo igikapu cyuzuye gishobora gukoreshwa vuba kizaza ku isoko.Ariko umufuka wibinyabuzima urashobora kumvikana cyane ahantu ubushobozi buhari bwo kumena.Umufuka mushya uza ku isoko mu 2021. (Nestlé arateganya kandi gukoresha ibikoresho mu gukora amacupa y’amazi ya pulasitike, nubwo hari impuguke zivuga ko gupakira ifumbire mvaruganda bigomba gukoreshwa gusa ku bicuruzwa bidashobora gutunganywa neza cyangwa kongera gukoreshwa.) PepsiCo igamije gukora ibipfunyika byose byongera gukoreshwa, ifumbire mvaruganda, cyangwa ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika bitarenze 2025 kugirango bifashe intego z’ikirere.
Niba ibikoresho bitarimo ifumbire kandi byuzuye kubwimpanuka, bizacika.Croskrey agira ati: "Niba ibicuruzwa biva mu bicanwa biva mu kirere cyangwa ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda bibonye inzira igana mu mugezi cyangwa ikindi kintu bikarangirira mu nyanja, birahita biba hirya no hino."Ati: “Ibicuruzwa byacu, biramutse bijugunywe nk'imyanda, bizashira.”Kuberako ikozwe mumavuta yimboga aho kuba ibicanwa bya fosile, ifite kandi ikirenge cyo hasi cya karubone.Pepsi agereranya ko ibipfunyika bizaba bifite 40-50% munsi ya karuboni ikirenge cyayo kuruta ibyo ipakira byoroshye.
Ibindi bishya mubikoresho nabyo birashobora gufasha.Loliware, ikora ibyatsi biva mu nyanja zishingiye ku nyanja, yateguye ibyatsi kuba “hyper-compostable” (ndetse biribwa).CuanTec ikorera muri otcosse ikora igipfunyika cya pulasitike mu bishishwa by'ibishishwa-imwe mu iduka rimwe ryo mu Bwongereza riteganya gukoresha mu gupfunyika amafi - ishobora gufumbirwa mu gikari.Ibihingwa bya Cambridge bikora ibiryo biribwa, bitaryoshye, birambye (kandi bifumbire) birinda ibiryo bishobora gufasha gukuraho ibikenerwa byo gupfunyika plastike.
Mu ntangiriro z'uyu mwaka, ikigo kinini cy’ifumbire mvaruganda muri Oregon cyatangaje ko, nyuma yimyaka icumi yo kwakira ibifumbire mvaruganda, bitazongera.Bavuga ko imbogamizi ikomeye ari uko bigoye kumenya niba koko paki ishobora gufumbirwa.Umuyobozi wungirije w'ikigo witwa Jack Hoeck witwa Rexius agira ati: "Niba ubonye igikombe gisobanutse, ntuzi niba cyakozwe muri PLA cyangwa plastiki isanzwe."Niba imyanda y'icyatsi ituruka muri café cyangwa munzu, abaguzi barashobora guta impanuka kubwububiko butabigenewe - cyangwa ntibashobora kumva icyiza cyo gushiramo, kubera ko amategeko ashobora kuba byzantine kandi atandukanye cyane mumijyi.Hoeck avuga ko abaguzi bamwe batekereza ko “imyanda y'ibiribwa” isobanura ikintu cyose kijyanye n'ibiryo, harimo no gupakira.Isosiyete yahisemo gufata umurongo utoroshye kandi ikemera ibiryo gusa, nubwo yashoboraga gufumbira ibikoresho byoroshye nka napkins.Ndetse iyo ifumbire mvaruganda ibuza gupakira, baracyafite igihe cyo kuyitondekanya ibiryo biboze.Pierce Louis ukora muri Dirthugger, uruganda rukora ifumbire mvaruganda agira ati: "Dufite abantu twishyura igipimo kandi bagomba gutoragura byose."Ati: "Birababaje kandi biteye ishozi kandi biteye ubwoba."
Itumanaho ryiza rishobora gufasha.Leta ya Washington niyo yambere yemeje itegeko rishya rivuga ko gupakira ifumbire bigomba kuba byoroshye kandi byoroshye kumenyekana binyuze mubirango n'ibimenyetso nkicyatsi kibisi.Yepsen agira ati: “Mu mateka, hari ibicuruzwa byagiye byemerwa kandi bigacuruzwa nk'ifumbire mvaruganda ariko ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba bitacapishijwe.”Ati: “Ibyo bizaba bitemewe muri Leta ya Washington....Ugomba kuvugana n'ifumbire mvaruganda. ”
Ababikora bamwe bakoresha imiterere itandukanye kugirango berekane ifumbire mvaruganda.Aseem Das, washinze akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa World Centric, uruganda rukora ifumbire mvaruganda, agira ati: "Twashyizeho uburyo bwo gukata amarira mu ntoki z'ibikoresho byacu, ibyo bikaba byorohereza ibikoresho byo gufumbira kumenya imiterere yacu bisobanura ifumbire."Avuga ko hakiri imbogamizi - umurongo w'icyatsi ntugoye gucapisha ku gikombe, ariko biragoye gucapa ku gipfundikizo cyangwa ku bipfunyika (bimwe byashushanyijeho ubu, bikaba bigoye cyane ko ifumbire mvaruganda itamenyekana).Nkuko inganda zibonye uburyo bwiza bwo gushyira ibicuruzwa, imijyi na resitora nabyo bigomba gushaka uburyo bwiza bwo kumenyesha abaguzi ibishobora kujya muri buri bin.
Ibikombe bya fibre bibumbwe bikoreshwa na resitora nka Sweetgreen birashobora gufumbirwa - ariko ubungubu, birimo imiti yitwa PFAS (ibintu bya per- na polyfluoroalkyl), ibice bimwe bifitanye isano na kanseri bikoreshwa mubikoresho bimwe na bimwe bidatetse.Niba ikarito ikozwe na PFAS ifumbire, PFAS izarangirira mu ifumbire, hanyuma ikarangirira mu biryo byahinzwe nifumbire;imiti irashobora kandi kwimurira ibiryo mubikoresho byo gufata nkuko urya.Imiti yongewemo kuvanga nkuko ibikombe bikozwe kugirango bibashe kwihanganira amavuta nubushuhe kugirango fibre itabona isogi.Muri 2017, Ikigo cyita ku binyabuzima cyitwa Biodegradable, gipima kandi cyemeza ko gipfunyika ifumbire mvaruganda, cyatangaje ko kizahagarika kwemeza ibipapuro byongeweho nkana imiti cyangwa bifite kwibanda ku rwego rwo hasi;ibipapuro byemewe byose bigomba guhagarika ikoreshwa rya PFAS muri uyumwaka.San Francisco ibujijwe gukoresha ibikoresho bya serivisi y'ibiribwa n'ibikoresho bikozwe na PFAS, bizatangira gukurikizwa mu 2020.
Udusanduku duto two gufata udusanduku nabwo dukoresha igifuniko.Umwaka ushize, nyuma yuko raporo imwe isanze imiti iri mubipaki byinshi, ibiryo byuzuye byatangaje ko izabona ubundi buryo bwibisanduku ku kabari kayo.Ubwo mperuka gusura, akabari ka salade kari karimo udusanduku two mu kirango cyitwa Fold-Pak.Uruganda rwavuze ko rukoresha igiti cyihariye kirinda imiti ya fluor, ariko ntizatanga ibisobanuro birambuye.Ibindi bikoresho bifumbira ifumbire mvaruganda, nkibisanduku bikozwe muri plastiki ifumbire mvaruganda, ntibikorerwa imiti.Ariko kuri fibre ibumbabumbwe, kubona ubundi buryo biragoye.
Das agira ati: "Inganda zikora imiti n’ibiribwa ntizashoboye kuzana ubundi buryo bwizewe bushobora kwongerwa."Ati: "Amahitamo noneho ni ugutera igiti cyangwa kumurika ibicuruzwa hamwe na PLA nkibikorwa nyuma.Turimo gukora kugirango dushake impuzu zishobora gukora kugirango zitange amavuta.Lamination ya PLA irahari ariko yongerera igiciro 70-80%. ”Ni agace gasaba udushya twinshi.
Zume, isosiyete ikora ibipfunyika mu bisheke, ivuga ko ishobora kugurisha ibipfunyika bidafunze mu gihe abakiriya babisabye;iyo yambaye ipaki, ikoresha ubundi buryo bwimiti ya PFAS ikekwa ko ifite umutekano.Birakomeje gushakisha ibindi bisubizo.Umuyobozi w'ishami rirambye muri Zume, Keely Wachs agira ati: "Turabona ko ari amahirwe yo guteza imbere udushya twinshi mu mwanya wo gupakira no guteza imbere inganda."Yakomeje agira ati: "Turabizi ko fibre ifumbire mvaruganda ari igice cy'ingenzi mu gushyiraho gahunda y'ibiribwa birambye, bityo rero turafatanya n'abafatanyabikorwa mu gutegura ubundi buryo bwo gukemura ibibazo bya PFAS.Dufite icyizere kuko hari udushya dutangaje tuba mu bikoresho bya siyansi, ibinyabuzima, n'inganda. ”
Kubikoresho bidashobora gufumbirwa mu gikari - kandi kubantu bose badafite imbuga cyangwa umwanya wo kwifumbira - gahunda yo gufumbira umujyi nayo igomba kwaguka kubipfunyika ifumbire kugirango byumvikane.Kuri ubu, Chipotle itanga ibikombe bya burrito mubipfunyika ifumbire mvaruganda muri resitora zayo zose;20% gusa muri resitora zayo mubyukuri bifite gahunda yo gufumbira, bigarukira kubyo gahunda zumujyi zihari.Intambwe imwe yambere nukubona uburyo abahimbyi binganda bashaka gufata ibipfunyika-byaba aribyo bikemura ikibazo cyigihe bisaba kugirango bipfunyike bisenyuke cyangwa ibindi bibazo, nkukuntu imirima kama ishaka kugura ifumbire yakozwe gusa bivuye mu biryo.Ati: "Urashobora gutangira kuvuga, mubyukuri, niki wahindura muburyo bwubucuruzi bwawe kugirango ubashe gukora ifumbire mvaruganda?"Yepsen avuga.
Avuga ko ibikorwa remezo bikomeye bizasaba inkunga nyinshi, n'amabwiriza mashya.Iyo imijyi itoye fagitire zisaba gukuraho plastike imwe rukumbi-kandi ikemerera kubitandukanya niba gupakira ifumbire-bagomba kwemeza neza ko bafite uburyo bwo gukusanya ibyo bipfunyika kandi mubyukuri.Urugero, Chicago, iherutse gusuzuma umushinga w'itegeko ribuza ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe kandi bisaba ko byongera gukoreshwa cyangwa gufumbirwa.Yepsen agira ati: "Ntabwo bafite gahunda ifumbire mvaruganda."Ati: "Turashaka rero kuba mu mwanya wo kwegera Chicago twiteguye mugihe ibintu nkibyo biza kuvuga bati, yewe, dushyigikiye gahunda yawe yo kugira ibintu bifumbira, ariko dore umushinga w'itegeko rya mushiki wawe ukeneye rwose kugira gahunda kuri ifumbire mvaruganda.Bitabaye ibyo, ntabwo byumvikana gusaba ubucuruzi kugira ibicuruzwa biva mu ifumbire. ”
Adele Peters ni umwanditsi w'abakozi muri sosiyete yihuta yibanda ku gukemura bimwe mu bibazo bikomeye ku isi, kuva imihindagurikire y’ikirere kugeza aho batagira aho baba.Mbere, yakoranye na BYIZA, BioLite, na gahunda irambye y'ibicuruzwa n'ibisubizo muri UC Berkeley, maze agira uruhare mu gitabo cya kabiri cy'igitabo cyiza cyane cyitwa “Worldchanging: A User Guide for the Century 21.”
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-19-2019