Iterambere n’imiterere y’ibikoresho bipfunyika icyatsi Kuva mu kinyejana gishya, ubukungu bw’igihugu cyanjye bwakomeje gutera imbere ku muvuduko mwinshi, ariko kandi buhura n’ivuguruzanya mu gihe iterambere ry’ubukungu.Ku ruhande rumwe, kubera iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu za kirimbuzi, ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima n’ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere mu kinyejana gishize, umuryango w’abantu wakusanyije ubutunzi bukomeye butigeze bubaho ndetse n’umuco wo mu mwuka.Abantu bakurikirana ubuzima bwiza kandi bizeye kubaho ubuzima bwiza.Ubuzima bwiza kandi burambye.Ku rundi ruhande, abantu bahura n’ibibazo bikomeye cyane mu mateka, nko kubura amikoro, kugabanuka kwingufu, kwangiza ibidukikije, kwangiza ibidukikije kamere (imipira y’ibarafu, ibyatsi, ibishanga, kugabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ubutayu, imvura ya aside, inkubi y'umuyaga, Chihu, amapfa Akenshi, ingaruka za pariki, El Niño ikirere kidasanzwe), ibi byose bibangamira ubuzima bwabantu.Hashingiwe ku kwivuguruza twavuze haruguru, igitekerezo cy’iterambere rirambye kiragenda kivugwa kuri gahunda.
Iterambere rirambye risobanura iterambere rishobora guhuza ibyo abantu bo muri iki gihe batabangamiye ibikenewe mu bihe bizaza.Muyandi magambo, bivuga iterambere rihuriweho nubukungu, societe, umutungo, no kurengera ibidukikije.Nuburyo butandukanijwe butagera gusa ku ntego yiterambere ryubukungu, ahubwo burinda ikirere, amazi meza, inyanja, ubutaka, nubutaka abantu bashingiraho kugirango babeho.Umutungo kamere nkamashyamba nibidukikije bituma ibisekuruza bizaza bitera imbere birambye kandi bikabaho kandi bigakorera mumahoro no kunyurwa.Iterambere rirambye ku isi rikubiyemo ingingo eshanu zingenzi: ubufasha bwiterambere, amazi meza, ubucuruzi bwatsi, iterambere ryingufu no kurengera ibidukikije.Iterambere rirambye no kurengera ibidukikije ntabwo bifitanye isano gusa, ariko sibyo.Kurengera ibidukikije ni ikintu cyingenzi cyiterambere rirambye.Iyi ngingo irashaka gutangirana no kurengera ibidukikije no kuvuga ku iterambere n’imiterere y’ibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitike tudashobora gukora tutitaye ku majyambere arambye.Mu myaka irenga 20 gusa kuva yinjira mu gihugu cyanjye, umusaruro wa plastiki uri ku mwanya wa kane kwisi.Ibicuruzwa bya plastiki biragoye kubitesha agaciro, kandi ingaruka zikomeye z '"umwanda wera" zateje igihombo kitagira ingano muri sosiyete no ku bidukikije.Buri mwaka, ubutaka bwinshi bupfusha ubusa gushyingura imyanda ya plastiki.Niba itagenzuwe, izateza ibyago bikomeye abana bacu n'abuzukuru bacu, kwisi dutuye, kandi bigira ingaruka kumajyambere arambye yisi.
Kubwibyo, gushakisha ibikoresho bishya bigamije iterambere rirambye, gushakisha no gukora ubushakashatsi kubikoresho byangiza ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije byahindutse ingingo yingenzi yiterambere rirambye ryumuryango wabantu.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980 rwagati kugeza ubu, abakozi ba siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga baturutse impande zose z’isi bakoze imirimo myinshi y’ubushakashatsi kuva mu gutunganya ibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitiki kugeza gushakisha ibikoresho bishya byo gusimbuza ibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitiki bitangirika.Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutesha agaciro plastiki zikoreshwa mubikoresho byo gupakira, kuri ubu, bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bitanu: plastiki yangirika kabiri, polypropilene, fibre nyakatsi, ibicuruzwa byimpapuro, nibikoresho bipakira neza.
1. Plastike-yangirika kabiri: kongeramo ibinyamisogwe muri plastiki byitwa plastike ibora, kongeraho uwatangije Photodegradation bita plastike ifotora, kandi ukongeramo intangiriro na fotodegradasiyo icyarimwe byitwa plastiki yangirika kabiri.Kubera ko plastiki ebyiri-yangirika idashobora gutesha agaciro imiterere yibigize, irashobora kwangirika gusa mu bice bito cyangwa ifu, kandi ibyangiritse ku bidukikije ntibishobora gucika intege na gato, ariko birushijeho kuba bibi.Ifoto yumubyimba muri plastiki yangirika yumucyo na plastiki yangirika kabiri ifite uburozi butandukanye, ndetse hari na kanseri.Abenshi mu batangiye gufotora bigizwe na anthracene, phenanthrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, alkylamine, anthraquinone n'ibiyikomokaho.Ibi bikoresho byose ni uburozi kandi birashobora gutera kanseri nyuma yo kumara igihe kinini.Izi mvange zitanga radicals yubusa munsi yumucyo, kandi radicals yubuntu izagira ingaruka mbi kumubiri wumuntu mubijyanye no gusaza, ibintu bitera indwara, nibindi. Ibi birazwi na bose, kandi bitera ingaruka mbi kubidukikije.Mu 1995, FDA yo muri Amerika (ngufi ku buyobozi bushinzwe ibiryo n'ibiyobyabwenge) yavugaga neza ko plastiki ifotora idashobora gukoreshwa mu gupakira ibiryo.
2. Polypropilene: Polypropilene yashinzwe buhoro buhoro ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa nyuma y’uko komisiyo y’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi ya mbere y’igihugu itanze itegeko 6 “ribuza ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa pulasitiki byangiza byinshi”.Kubera ko icyahoze ari komisiyo ishinzwe ubukungu n’ubucuruzi cya Leta yabujije “plastiki zuzuye ifuro” kandi ntizabujije ibicuruzwa “bidafite plastiki”, abantu bamwe bifashishije icyuho muri politiki y’igihugu.Uburozi bwa polypropilene bwashimishije ibiro bishinzwe imirire y’abanyeshuri ba guverinoma y’umujyi wa Beijing.Pekin yatangiye kubuza gukoresha ibikoresho bya polipropilene mu banyeshuri bo mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye.
3. Ibikoresho byo gupakira fibre fibre: Kubera ko ibibazo by’ibara, isuku, n’ingufu zikoreshwa mu bikoresho byo gupakira ibyatsi bigoye gukemura, ibipimo by’ibikoresho byo gupakira byatanzwe n’icyahoze ari komisiyo y’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi bya Leta ndetse n’ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugenzura tekinike mu Kuboza 1999 harimo Ibara, isuku, hamwe nicyuma kiremereye cyibikoresho byo gupakira nibintu byingenzi bigenzurwa, bigabanya ikoreshwa ryibikoresho nkibi ku isoko.Byongeye kandi, ikibazo cyingufu zibikoresho byo gupakira ibyatsi nticyakemuwe, kandi ntigishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bipfunyika ibikoresho byo murugo nibikoresho, kandi ikiguzi ni kinini.
4 imbaraga nubukomezi bwikibindi cya noode),
Gupakira ibikoresho bipima ibikoresho-Ikigo Cyiza Gupakira no Gutwara Abantu ni siyansi kandi nziza.Muri ubu buryo, kwanduza ibyiciro byambere byimbuto zikoreshwa mubicuruzwa byimpapuro birakomeye cyane, kandi ingaruka zinkwi zinkwi kumutungo kamere nazo ni nyinshi.Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa ryayo ni ntarengwa.Amerika yakoresheje ibicuruzwa byinshi bipakira impapuro mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1980, ariko byasimbuwe ahanini n’ibikoresho bishingiye ku binyabuzima.
5.Ibikoresho byo gupakira biodegradable byuzuye: Mu ntangiriro ya za 90, igihugu cyanjye, hamwe n’ibihugu byateye imbere nka Amerika, Ubudage, Ubuyapani, na Koreya yepfo, byagiye bikora ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bipakira ibinyabuzima bishingiye ku binyabuzima, kandi bigera ku bisubizo bishimishije.Nkibintu bisanzwe byangirika, polymer ibinyabuzima byagize uruhare runini mukurengera ibidukikije, kandi ubushakashatsi niterambere ryayo nabyo byateye imbere byihuse.Ibikoresho byitwa biodegradable bigomba kuba ibikoresho bishobora gutogorwa neza na mikorobe kandi bigatanga gusa ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga (dioxyde de carbone, metani, amazi, biomass, nibindi).
Nkibikoresho bipfunyika, ibinyamisogwe ntibigira umwanda mugihe cyo kubyara no kubikoresha, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa nkibiryo nyuma yo gukoreshwa mu kugaburira amafi nandi matungo, kandi birashobora no kwangirika nkifumbire.Mubikoresho byinshi byapakirwa biodegradable byuzuye, aside polylactique (PLA), ikozwe na polimerike na acide lactique ya biosynetique, yabaye umushakashatsi ukora cyane mumyaka yashize kubera imikorere yayo myiza hamwe nibiranga ibikoresho byombi bioengineering nibikoresho bya biomedical.ibinyabuzima.Acide Polylactique ni polymer yabonetse hakoreshejwe synthèque chimique ya acide lactique ikorwa na fermentation ya biologiya, ariko iracyakomeza biocompatibilité na biodegradabilite.Kubera iyo mpamvu, aside polylactique irashobora gutunganyirizwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye bipakira, kandi ingufu zikoreshwa mu musaruro wa PLA ni 20% -50% gusa by’ibicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli gakondo, naho gaze karuboni ya gaze karuboni ikorwa ni 50% gusa.
Mu myaka 20 ishize, ubwoko bushya bwibintu byangiza ibinyabuzima-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) byatejwe imbere byihuse.Ni polyester idasanzwe igizwe na mikorobe myinshi hamwe na biomaterial isanzwe ya polymer.Ifite ibinyabuzima byiza, biodegradabilite hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gutunganya amashyuza ya plastiki, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya biomedical nibikoresho byo gupakira biodegradable.Ibi bibaye ubushakashatsi bukora cyane mubijyanye nibikoresho bipfunyika icyatsi mumyaka yashize.Ariko ukurikije urwego rwa tekiniki rugezweho, ntibikwiye gutekereza ko gukoresha ibyo bikoresho byangirika bishobora gukemura "umwanda wera", kubera ko imikorere y’ibicuruzwa atari byiza, kandi haracyari ibibazo byinshi.Mbere ya byose, igiciro cyibikoresho bya polymer biodegradable ni byinshi kandi ntibyoroshye kuzamura no gushyira mubikorwa.Kurugero, agasanduku k'ibiribwa byihuta bya polypropilene byatejwe imbere muri gari ya moshi mu gihugu cyanjye kiri hejuru ya 50% kugeza kuri 80% ugereranije n’isanduku y’ibiribwa byihuse ya polystirene.
Icya kabiri, imikorere ntabwo irashimishije.Imwe mu mbogamizi nyamukuru yimikorere yabwo ni uko plastiki zose zirimo ibinyamisogwe birimo plastike yangirika bifite amazi mabi, imbaraga zitose, kandi bigabanya cyane imashini iyo ihuye namazi.Kurwanya amazi nukuri nibyiza bya plastiki zubu mugihe cyo gukoresha.Kurugero, urumuri-biodegradable polypropilene agasanduku k'ibiryo byihuse ntabwo ari ingirakamaro kurenza agasanduku k'ibiryo byihuta bya polystirene, biroroshye, kandi biroroshye guhinduka mugihe ibiryo bishyushye byashyizweho.Agasanduku ka saa sita Styrofoam karuta inshuro 1 ~ 2.Inzoga ya polyvinyl-ibinyamisogwe biodegradable plastike ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kwisiga bikoreshwa mu gupakira.Ugereranije nibikoresho bisanzwe bya polyvinyl byo kwisiga, ubucucike bwabwo bugaragara hejuru cyane, biroroshye kugabanuka munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi nubushuhe bwinshi, kandi biroroshye gushonga mumazi.Ibikoresho bishonga amazi.
Icya gatatu, ikibazo cyo kugenzura iyangirika ryibikoresho bya polymer byangirika bigomba gukemurwa.Nkibikoresho byo gupakira, bisaba igihe runaka cyo gukoresha, kandi hariho itandukaniro rinini hagati yo kugenzura neza igihe no kwangirika kwuzuye kandi byihuse nyuma yo gukoreshwa.Haracyariho itandukaniro rinini hagati y'ibisabwa bifatika, cyane cyane kuri plastiki yuzuye ya krahisi yuzuye, ibyinshi ntibishobora guteshwa agaciro mu mwaka umwe.Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko uburemere bwa molekile bwagabanutse cyane bitewe nimirasire ya ultraviolet, ibi ntabwo bisa nkibisabwa bifatika.Mu bihugu byateye imbere nka Amerika n'Uburayi, ntibyemewe n'imiryango iharanira ibidukikije n'abaturage.Icya kane, uburyo bwo gusuzuma biodegradability yibikoresho bya polymer bigomba kunozwa.Bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi zibuza imikorere yangirika ya plastiki yangirika, hariho itandukaniro ryinshi mubidukikije, imiterere yikirere, imiterere yubutaka, nuburyo bwo guta imyanda mubihugu bitandukanye.Kubwibyo, icyo bivuze gutesha agaciro, niba igihe cyo gutesha agaciro kigomba gusobanurwa, nibicuruzwa bitesha agaciro, ibyo bibazo ntibyashoboye kumvikana.Uburyo bwo gusuzuma nuburyo bugezweho buratandukanye.Bifata igihe cyo gushyiraho uburyo bumwe bwo gusuzuma..Icya gatanu, ikoreshwa ryibikoresho bya polymer byangirika bizagira ingaruka ku gutunganya ibikoresho bya polymer, kandi birakenewe ko hashyirwaho ibikoresho byibanze byo gutunganya ibikoresho byakoreshejwe biodegradable.Nubwo ibikoresho byo gupakira ibintu bya pulasitiki byangirika muri iki gihe bitarakemuye burundu ikibazo cy’imyuka ikabije “umwanda wera”, biracyari inzira nziza yo kugabanya kwivuguruza.Isura yacyo ntabwo yagura imikorere ya plastiki gusa, ahubwo inorohereza umubano hagati yabantu n’ibidukikije, kandi iteza imbere iterambere rirambye ryisi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-08-2021