Mapulogalamu, mabuku, makanema, nyimbo, mapulogalamu a pa TV, ndi zaluso zikulimbikitsa ena mwa anthu opanga bizinesi mwezi uno.
Gulu lomwe lapambana mphoto la atolankhani, opanga, ndi ojambula makanema omwe amafotokozera nkhani zamtundu wawo kudzera m'magalasi apadera a Fast Company.
Mukagula smoothie ku Portland, Oregon, chakumwacho chikhoza kubwera mu kapu yapulasitiki yopangidwa ndi kompositi, chisankho chomwe mwiniwake woganiza angapange kuti ntchito zawo zikhale zokhazikika.Mutha kuganiza, pang'onopang'ono, kuti mukuthandiza kupewa vuto la zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi.Koma pulogalamu ya kompositi ya Portland, monganso m'mizinda yambiri, imaletsa kuyika kwa compostable kuchokera ku nkhokwe zake zobiriwira - ndipo pulasitiki wamtunduwu sudzawonongeka mu kompositi yakumbuyo.Ngakhale kuti ndi compostable mwaukadaulo, chidebecho chimatha kutayira (kapena mwina m'nyanja), pomwe pulasitiki imatha kukhala nthawi yayitali ngati mnzake wamafuta.
Ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha dongosolo lomwe limapereka lonjezo losaneneka lakukonzanso vuto lathu la zinyalala koma lilinso ndi zolakwika kwambiri.Mizinda yozungulira 185 yokha ndiyo imanyamula zinyalala za chakudya m'mphepete mwa kompositi, ndipo ochepera theka la omwe amavomerezanso kulongedza kompositi.Zina mwazopakazo zitha kupangidwa ndi kompositi ndi malo opangira manyowa a mafakitale;ena opanga mafakitale amati sakufuna, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphatikizapo vuto loyesa kukonza pulasitiki wamba, komanso kuti zitha kutenga nthawi yayitali kuti pulasitiki ya kompositi iwonongeke kuposa momwe amachitira nthawi zonse.Mtundu umodzi wa zinthu zopangira manyowa uli ndi mankhwala okhudzana ndi khansa.
Pamene makampani akuvutika kuti athane ndi vuto la kulongedza kamodzi kokha, zosankha za kompositi zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo ogula atha kuona ngati kuchapa masamba ngati atadziwa kuti zotengerazo sizikhalanso ndi kompositi.Dongosololi, komabe, likuyamba kusintha, kuphatikiza zatsopano zazinthu."Awa ndi mavuto omwe angathetsedwe, osati mavuto omwe adabadwa," akutero Rhodes Yepsen, mkulu wa bungwe lopanda phindu la Biodegradable Products Institute.Ngati dongosololi likhoza kukhazikitsidwa-monga momwe ndondomeko yowonongeka iyenera kukonzedwa-ikhoza kukhala gawo limodzi lothetsera vuto lalikulu la kukula kwa zinyalala.Si njira yokhayo yothetsera.Yepsen akuti ndizomveka kuyamba ndikuchepetsa kulongedza ndikuyika patsogolo zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito, kenako ndikupanga chilichonse chomwe chatsala kuti chizigwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena compostable kutengera ntchito.Koma kuyika kwa manyowa kumamveka bwino pazakudya;ngati zonse zopangira chakudya ndi chakudya zitha kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, zingathandizenso kuti zakudya zambiri zisatuluke m'malo otayiramo, pomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la methane, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.
Kompositi imathandizira kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe - monga apulo wodyedwa theka - kudzera mu machitidwe omwe amapanga mikhalidwe yoyenera ya tizilombo todya zinyalala.Nthawi zina, ndizosavuta ngati mulu wa chakudya ndi zinyalala pabwalo zomwe munthu amazitembenuza pawokha kumbuyo kwa nyumba.Kusakaniza kwa kutentha, zakudya, ndi mpweya ziyenera kukhala zoyenera kuti ntchitoyi igwire bwino;mbiya za kompositi ndi migolo zimatenthetsa chilichonse, zomwe zimafulumizitsa kusintha kwa zinyalala kukhala kompositi wolemera, wakuda womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'munda ngati fetereza.Mayunitsi ena amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mkati mwakhitchini.
M'nyumba ya kompositi kapena mulu wa kuseri, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zimatha kusweka mosavuta.Koma nkhokwe yakuseri mwina siyakatentha mokwanira kuthyola pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi kompositi, monga bokosi la bioplastic totengera kapena foloko yopangidwa kuchokera ku PLA (polylactic acid), zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku chimanga, nzimbe, kapena mbewu zina.Zimafunika kutentha, kutentha, ndi nthawi yoyenera, zomwe zimangochitika m'mafakitale opangira kompositi, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zina.Frederik Wurm, katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, watcha mapesi a PLA "chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chotsuka masamba obiriwira," popeza akafika m'nyanja, sangawonongeke.
Malo ambiri opangira manyowa am'matauni poyambilira adapangidwa kuti atenge zinyalala pabwalo ngati masamba ndi nthambi, osati chakudya.Ngakhale pano, mwa malo 4,700 omwe amatenga zinyalala zobiriwira, 3% okha ndi omwe amadya chakudya.San Francisco unali mzinda womwe udayamba kutengera lingaliroli, kuyesa kusonkhanitsa zinyalala mu 1996 ndikuyambitsa mzindawu mu 2002. kuyambira chaka chino.) Mu 2009, San Francisco inakhala mzinda woyamba ku US kupanga zobwezeretsanso zakudya zomwe zatsalira, kutumiza zinyalala zazakudya zodzaza magalimoto kumalo otambalala ku Central Valley ku California, komwe zidatsitsidwa ndikuyikidwa mumilu yayikulu, yotulutsa mpweya.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikamatafuna chakudyacho, miluyo imatentha mpaka madigiri 170.Pakatha mwezi umodzi, zinthuzo zimafalikira kudera lina, komwe amazitembenuza ndi makina tsiku lililonse.Pambuyo pa masiku 90 mpaka 130, yakonzeka kuyesedwa ndikugulitsidwa kwa alimi ngati kompositi.Recology, kampani yomwe imayendetsa malowa, ikuti kufunikira kwa mankhwalawa ndi kwakukulu, makamaka chifukwa California imakumbatira manyowa m'mafamu monga njira yothandizira nthaka kuyamwa mpweya kuchokera mumlengalenga kuti ithane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Kwa zinyalala za chakudya, zimagwira ntchito bwino.Koma kuyika kwa kompositi kumatha kukhala kovuta kwambiri ngakhale pagawo la kukula kwake.Zogulitsa zina zimatha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuti ziwonongeke, ndipo wolankhulira Recology akuti zina mwazinthuzi ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa kumapeto ndikumalizanso ntchitoyi kachiwiri.Zotengera zina zambiri zopangidwa ndi manyowa zimawunikidwa poyambira, chifukwa zimawoneka ngati pulasitiki wamba, ndipo zimatumizidwa kumalo otayirako.Malo ena opangira manyowa omwe amagwira ntchito mwachangu, akufuna kupanga kompositi yochulukirapo kuti agulitse momwe angathere, salolera kudikirira miyezi ingapo kuti foloko yawole ndipo savomereza konse.
Matumba ambiri a chip amatha kutayidwa, chifukwa amapangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo zomwe sizingasinthidwenso mosavuta.Chikwama chatsopano chotupitsa chomwe chikukula tsopano kuchokera ku PepsiCo ndi kampani yonyamula Danimer Scientific ndi yosiyana: Yopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zatsopano zotchedwa PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) zomwe Danimer ayamba kupanga malonda kumapeto kwa chaka chino, thumba lapangidwa kuti liphwanyike mosavuta kuti lithe. ipangidwe mu kompositi yakuseri kwa nyumba, ndipo imatha kusweka m'madzi ozizira a m'nyanja, osasiya pulasitiki kumbuyo.
Ziri pa nthawi yoyambirira, koma ndi sitepe yofunikira pazifukwa zingapo.Popeza kuti zotengera za PLA zomwe zili momwemo sizingapangidwe kunyumba, komanso malo opangira kompositi akumanyinyirika kugwira ntchito ndi zinthuzo, PHA imapereka njira ina.Zikathera m'malo opangira kompositi m'mafakitale, zimasweka mwachangu, ndikuthandiza kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe mabizinesiwo amakumana nazo."Mukatenga [PLA] kukhala kompositi yeniyeni, amafuna kusintha zinthuzo mwachangu," atero a Stephen Croskrey, CEO wa Danimer.“Chifukwa akamatembenuza mwachangu, amapeza ndalama zambiri.Zinthuzo zidzasweka mu kompositi yawo.Sakonda kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe amafunira."
PHA, yomwe imathanso kusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zapulasitiki zosiyanasiyana, imapangidwa mosiyana."Timatenga mafuta a masamba ndikuwapatsa mabakiteriya," akutero Croskrey.Mabakiteriya amapanga pulasitiki mwachindunji, ndipo mapangidwe ake amatanthauza kuti mabakiteriya amawononganso mosavuta kuposa pulasitiki yokhazikika ya zomera."Chifukwa chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino pakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi chifukwa ndi chakudya chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri ndi mabakiteriya.Ndiye mukangowavumbulutsa ku mabakiteriya, amayamba kuwaza, ndipo amachoka. ”(Pa shelefu ya sitolo kapena galimoto yobweretsera, kumene mabakiteriya ochepa alipo, zolongedzazo zimakhala zokhazikika.) Mayesero adatsimikizira kuti amasweka ngakhale m'madzi ozizira a m'nyanja.
Kupereka mwayi kwa phukusi kuti composted kunyumba kungathandize kudzaza kusiyana kwa anthu amene alibe mwayi kompositi m'mphepete."Pamene tingathe kuchotsa zotchinga kwa ogula kuti atenge nawo mbali mu mawonekedwe a kompositi kapena kubwezeretsanso, ndibwino," akutero a Simon Lowden, pulezidenti ndi mkulu wa malonda a zakudya zapadziko lonse ku PepsiCo, yemwe amatsogolera ndondomeko ya pulasitiki yokhazikika ya kampani.Kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito zopezera mayankho angapo pazogulitsa ndi misika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza chikwama cha chip chomwe chikhoza kubweranso posachedwa.Koma thumba la biodegradable likhoza kukhala lomveka bwino m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoliphwanya.Chikwama chatsopanochi chidzagulitsidwa mu 2021. (Nestlé akukonzekeranso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo kupanga mabotolo amadzi apulasitiki, ngakhale akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti zopangira compostable ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe sizingakonzedwenso kapena kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.) PepsiCo ikufuna kuti zoyika zake zonse zikhale zogwiritsidwanso ntchito, compostable, kapena biodegradable pofika 2025 kuti zithandizire ndi zolinga zake zanyengo.
Ngati zinthuzo sizinaphatikizidwe ndi kompositi ndipo zatayira mwangozi, zimathabe.Croskrey anati: “Ngati mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale kapena zinthu za m’mafakitale alowa mumtsinje kapena chinachake n’kukathera m’nyanja, ndiye kuti akungoyendayenda mpaka kalekale,” anatero Croskrey."Zogulitsa zathu, zikatayidwa ngati zinyalala, zitha."Chifukwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba m'malo mwa mafuta oyaka, alinso ndi mpweya wochepa.Pepsi akuyerekeza kuti zotengerazo zidzakhala ndi 40-50% kutsika kwa carbon footprint kuposa ma CD ake osinthika apano.
Zatsopano zina muzinthu zingathandizenso.Loliware, yomwe imapanga udzu kuchokera ku zinthu zam'madzi, idapanga udzuwo kuti ukhale "hyper-compostable" (komanso kudya).CuanTec yochokera ku Scotland imapanga chofunda cha pulasitiki kuchokera ku zipolopolo za nkhono - zomwe sitolo imodzi yaku UK ikukonzekera kukulunga nsomba - yomwe imatha kupangidwa ndi manyowa kuseri kwa nyumba.Cambridge Crops imapanga chosanjikiza chodyedwa, chosakoma, chokhazikika (komanso compostable) chazakudya chomwe chingathandize kuthetsa kufunikira kwa pulasitiki.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, malo amodzi opangira kompositi ku Oregon adalengeza kuti, patatha zaka khumi akuvomera ma CD opangidwa ndi kompositi, sizingatero.Vuto lalikulu, iwo amati, ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa ngati phukusi ndi compostable."Mukawona kapu yowoneka bwino, simudziwa ngati idapangidwa ndi PLA kapena pulasitiki wamba," atero a Jack Hoeck, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa kampaniyo, yotchedwa Rexius.Ngati zinyalala zobiriwirazo zikuchokera ku cafe kapena kunyumba, ogula atha kutaya mwangozi phukusi mu bin yolakwika - kapena sangamvetsetse zomwe zili bwino kuphatikiza, popeza malamulo amatha kukhala a Byzantine ndipo amasiyana mosiyanasiyana pakati pa mizinda.Ogula ena amaganiza kuti "zakudya zowononga" zimatanthawuza chilichonse chokhudzana ndi chakudya, kuphatikiza kulongedza, akutero Hoeck.Kampaniyo inaganiza zokhala ndi mzere wolimba ndikuvomereza chakudya chokha, ngakhale kuti chikhoza kukhala ndi kompositi zinthu monga zopukutira.Ngakhale malo opangira manyowa ataletsa kulongedza, amafunikirabe kuwononga nthawi kuti asawononge chakudya chowola."Tili ndi anthu omwe timawalipira pang'ono ndipo amayenera kusankha zonse," atero a Pierce Louis, omwe amagwira ntchito ku Dirthugger, malo opangira manyowa."Ndi zonyansa komanso zonyansa komanso zoyipa."
Kulankhulana bwinoko kungathandize.Washington State inali yoyamba kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano lomwe limati zoyikapo compostable ziyenera kudziwika mosavuta kudzera m'malebulo ndi zolembera ngati mikwingwirima yobiriwira."M'mbiri yakale, panali zinthu zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndikugulitsidwa ngati compostable koma zinthuzo zikhoza kukhala zosasindikizidwa," akutero Yepsen."Zikhala zosaloledwa ku State of Washington....Muyenera kulumikizana ndi compostability. ”
Opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuwonetsa compostability."Tidayambitsa mawonekedwe odulira misozi pamapako a ziwiya zathu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti ma kompositi azindikire mawonekedwe athu kuti ndi compostable," akutero Aseem Das, woyambitsa ndi CEO wa World Centric, kampani imodzi yama compostable package.Akunena kuti padakali zovuta-mzere wobiriwira siwovuta kusindikiza pa kapu, koma ndizovuta kusindikiza pa lids kapena mapaketi a clamshell (ena amalembedwa tsopano, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti zipangizo zopangira manyowa zizindikire).Pamene makampaniwa akupeza njira zabwino zolembera phukusi, mizinda ndi malo odyera azipezanso njira zabwino zodziwitsira ogula zomwe zingalowe mu bin iliyonse kwanuko.
Mbale zowumbidwa za fiber zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malo odyera ngati Sweetgreen ndi compostable-koma pakali pano, zilinso ndi mankhwala otchedwa PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), mankhwala omwewo omwe amalumikizidwa ndi khansa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzophika zina zopanda ndodo.Ngati katoni yopangidwa ndi PFAS yapangidwa ndi kompositi, PFAS imathera mu kompositi, ndiyeno imatha kukhala chakudya chodzala ndi manyowa;mankhwala amathanso kusamutsa ku chakudya mu takeout chidebe pamene mukudya.Mankhwalawa amawonjezeredwa kusakaniza pamene mbalezo zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zosagwirizana ndi mafuta ndi chinyezi kuti fiber isagwe.Mu 2017, Biodegradable Products Institute, yomwe imayesa ndikutsimikizira kuyika kwa compostability, idalengeza kuti isiya kutsimikizira ma CD omwe mwadala adawonjezera mankhwala kapena anali ndi ndende pamlingo wochepa;phukusi lililonse lovomerezeka liyenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito PFAS pofika chaka chino.San Francisco ili ndi chiletso choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zopangira chakudya ndi ziwiya zopangidwa ndi PFAS, zomwe ziyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2020.
Mabokosi ena owonda otengera mapepala amagwiritsanso ntchito zokutira.Chaka chatha, lipoti lina litapeza mankhwala m'maphukusi ambiri, Whole Foods inalengeza kuti ipeza njira ina ya mabokosi omwe ali pa saladi.Nditapita komaliza, mbale ya saladi inali ndi mabokosi amtundu wotchedwa Fold-Pak.Wopangayo adanena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zokutira zomwe zimapewa mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorinated, koma sizingapereke zambiri.Maphukusi ena opangidwa ndi kompositi, monga mabokosi opangidwa kuchokera ku pulasitiki ya kompositi, samapangidwa ndi mankhwalawo.Koma kwa ulusi wowumbidwa, kupeza njira ina ndikovuta.
"Mafakitale opangira mankhwala ndi chakudya sanathe kupeza njira yodalirika yomwe ingathe kuwonjezeredwa ku slurry," akutero Das."Zosankhazo ndikupopera zokutira kapena kuthira mankhwala ndi PLA ngati njira yomaliza.Tikuyesetsa kupeza zokutira zomwe zingagwire ntchito kuti zisakanize mafuta.PLA lamination ikupezeka koma imawonjezera mtengo ndi 70-80%.Ndilo gawo lomwe lidzafunika luso lochulukirapo.
Kampani ya Zume, yomwe imapanga zolongedza ndi nzimbe, ikunena kuti ikhoza kugulitsa zinthu zosatsekedwa ngati makasitomala apempha;ikavala mapaketi, imagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wamankhwala a PFAS omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi otetezeka.Ikupitilirabe kufunafuna mayankho ena."Tikuwona uwu ngati mwayi wopititsa patsogolo luso lokhazikika pamapaketi ndikupititsa patsogolo bizinesi," atero Keely Wachs, wamkulu wa zokhazikika ku Zume."Tikudziwa kuti ulusi wopangidwa ndi kompositi ndi gawo lofunikira popanga chakudya chokhazikika, motero tikugwira ntchito ndi anzathu kuti tipeze njira zina zothetsera PFAS zachidule.Tili ndi chiyembekezo chifukwa pali luso lodabwitsa lomwe likuchitika mu sayansi ya zinthu, biotechnology, ndi kupanga. ”
Kwa zipangizo zomwe sizingapangidwe kuseri kwa nyumba-ndi kwa aliyense wopanda bwalo kapena nthawi yodzipangira manyowa-mapulogalamu opangira kompositi amtawuni nawonso akuyenera kukulitsidwa kuti azipaka kompositi kuti amveke bwino.Pakali pano, Chipotle amapereka mbale za burrito m'mapaketi opangidwa ndi kompositi m'malesitilanti ake onse;20% yokha ya malo odyera ake ali ndi pulogalamu ya kompositi, yocheperako ndi zomwe mapulogalamu amzindawu alipo.Chinthu choyamba ndikupeza njira yoti ma composters amakampani azifuna kutengera zotengerazo - kaya ndikuthana ndi vuto la nthawi yomwe zimatengera kuti zinthu ziwonongeke kapena zovuta zina, monga kuti mafamu achilengedwe amangofuna kugula kompositi yopangidwa. kuchokera ku chakudya."Mutha kuyankhula, zowona, mungasinthe chiyani mubizinesi yanu kuti muthe kupanga bwino kompositi zopangidwa ndi kompositi?"akuti Yepsen.
Zomangamanga zolimba zidzatenga ndalama zambiri, ndi malamulo atsopano, akutero.Mizinda ikapereka ngongole zomwe zimafuna kuti achotse pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi - ndikulola kuti pakhale zopatula ngati zoyikapo zili ndi compost - ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi njira yosonkhanitsira mapaketiwo ndikuyika manyowa.Mwachitsanzo, Chicago, posachedwapa yalingalira za bilu yoletsa zinthu zina ndipo ikufuna kuti zina zigwiritsidwenso ntchito kapena compostable."Iwo alibe pulogalamu yamphamvu yopanga manyowa," Yepsen akuti."Chifukwa chake tikufuna kukhala okonzeka kuyandikira ku Chicago pomwe zinthu ngati izi zibwera ndikuti, Hei, tikuthandizira zomwe mwapanga kuti mukhale ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi kompositi, koma nayi bilu ya mlongo wina yomwe muyenera kukhala nayo. kompositi zomangamanga.Kupanda kutero, sizingakhale zomveka kuti mabizinesi azikhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi kompositi. ”
Adele Peters ndi wolemba antchito ku Fast Company yemwe amayang'ana kwambiri njira zothetsera mavuto akuluakulu padziko lapansi, kuyambira kusintha kwa nyengo mpaka kusowa pokhala.M'mbuyomu, adagwira ntchito ndi GOOD, BioLite, ndi pulogalamu ya Sustainable Products and Solutions ku UC Berkeley, ndipo adathandizira kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa buku logulitsidwa kwambiri "Worldchanging: A User's Guide for the 21st Century."
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-19-2019