Chitukuko ndi momwe zinthu zilili zopangira zopangira zobiriwira Kuyambira m'zaka za zana latsopano, chuma cha dziko langa chapitilira kukula mwachangu, koma chikukumananso ndi zotsutsana pomwe chitukuko chachuma.Kumbali ina, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa umisiri wa mphamvu ya nyukiliya, umisiri wa zidziwitso, sayansi ya zamankhwala ndi luso lazopangapanga m'zaka za zana lapitalo, gulu la anthu lapeza chuma champhamvu chosaneneka komanso chitukuko chauzimu.Anthu amafuna kukhala ndi moyo wapamwamba ndipo akuyembekeza kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi.Moyo wotetezeka komanso wautali.Kumbali ina, anthu akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri m'mbiri, monga kuchepa kwa zinthu, kuchepa kwa mphamvu, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe (zipewa za ayezi, udzu, madambo, kuchepetsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, chipululu, mvula ya asidi, mvula yamkuntho, Chihu; chilala Kutentha kwafupipafupi, kutentha kwa nyengo, El Niño kusokonekera kwa nyengo), zonsezi zikuwopseza moyo wa anthu.Malingana ndi zotsutsana zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, lingaliro lachitukuko chokhazikika likutchulidwa kwambiri pa ndondomekoyi.
Chitukuko chokhazikika chimatanthawuza chitukuko chomwe chingakwaniritse zosowa za anthu amasiku ano popanda kuwononga zosowa za mibadwo yamtsogolo.M'mawu ena, amatanthauza chitukuko chogwirizana cha zachuma, anthu, chuma, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.Ndi dongosolo losalekanitsidwa lomwe silimangokwaniritsa cholinga cha chitukuko cha zachuma, komanso limateteza mlengalenga, madzi abwino, nyanja, nthaka, ndi nthaka zomwe anthu amadalira kuti apulumuke.Zachilengedwe monga nkhalango ndi chilengedwe zimathandiza mibadwo yamtsogolo kukhala yokhazikika ndikukhala ndikugwira ntchito mwamtendere komanso mokhutira.Chitukuko chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi chimaphatikizapo mfundo zisanu zazikulu: thandizo lachitukuko, madzi oyera, malonda obiriwira, chitukuko cha mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.Chitukuko chokhazikika ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe sizongogwirizana, koma osati chimodzimodzi.Chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chokhazikika.Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuyamba ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndikulankhula za chitukuko ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa za zipangizo zopangira mapulasitiki zomwe sitingathe kuchita popanda chifukwa cha chitukuko chokhazikika.Pazaka zopitilira 20 kuchokera pomwe idalowa m'dziko langa, kutulutsa kwapulasitiki kwakhala pachinayi padziko lonse lapansi.Zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndizovuta kuzitsitsa, ndipo kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa "kuipitsa koyera" kwake kwadzetsa chiwonongeko chosaneneka kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe.Chaka chilichonse, malo ambiri amawonongeka kuti akwirire zinyalala zapulasitiki.Ngati sichilamuliridwa, idzabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwa ana athu ndi zidzukulu zathu, ku dziko lapansi lomwe tikukhalamo, ndikukhudza chitukuko chokhazikika cha dziko lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, kuyang'ana zinthu zatsopano zachitukuko chokhazikika, kufufuza ndi kufufuza zinthu zobiriwira zobiriwira zomwe sizikonda zachilengedwe zakhala mutu wofunikira pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha anthu.Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980 mpaka pano, ogwira ntchito za sayansi ndi zaumisiri padziko lonse lapansi achita ntchito zambiri zofufuza kuyambira pakubwezeretsanso zida zoyikapo zapulasitiki mpaka kufunafuna zida zatsopano zosinthira zida zosawonongeka zapulasitiki.Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowonongera mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika zida, pakali pano, amagawidwa m'magulu asanu: mapulasitiki owonongeka kawiri, polypropylene, ulusi waudzu, zinthu zamapepala, ndi zida zomangira zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka.
1. Pulasitiki yowonongeka kawiri: kuonjezera starch ku pulasitiki kumatchedwa pulasitiki yowonongeka, kuwonjezera photodegradation initiator imatchedwa pulasitiki yowonongeka, ndipo kuwonjezera starch ndi photodegradation initiator nthawi yomweyo imatchedwa pulasitiki yowonongeka kawiri.Popeza kuti pulasitiki yowonongeka yapawiri silingathe kusokoneza dziko lachigawocho, likhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala zidutswa zing'onozing'ono kapena ufa, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe sikungathe kufooketsa konse, koma kuipiraipira.Ma photosensitizers mu mapulasitiki osawonongeka ndi mapulasitiki owonongeka kawiri amakhala ndi kawopsedwe kosiyanasiyana, ndipo ena ndi ma carcinogens.Ambiri oyambitsa photodegradation amapangidwa ndi anthracene, phenanthrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, alkylamine, anthraquinone ndi zotumphukira zawo.Mankhwalawa ndi zinthu zonse zapoizoni ndipo amatha kuyambitsa khansa pambuyo powonekera kwa nthawi yayitali.Mankhwalawa amatulutsa ma radicals aulere pansi pa kuwala, ndipo ma free radicals adzakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa thupi la munthu pokhudzana ndi ukalamba, zinthu zowonongeka, ndi zina zotero. Izi zimadziwika bwino kwa onse, ndipo zimayambitsa kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe.Mu 1995, US FDA (yachidule ya Food and Drug Administration) inanena momveka bwino kuti mapulasitiki owonongeka sangagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zakudya.
2. Polypropylene: Polypropylene idapangidwa pang'onopang'ono pamsika waku China pambuyo poti bungwe loyambirira la State Economic and Trade Commission lipereka lamulo la 6 "loletsa zotayidwa thovu pulasitiki tableware".Chifukwa chakuti kale State Economic and Trade Commission inaletsa "mapulasitiki okhala ndi thovu" ndipo sanaletse "mapulasitiki opanda thovu", anthu ena adapezerapo mwayi pamipata ya ndondomeko za dziko.Kawopsedwe wa polypropylene wakopa chidwi cha Ofesi Yazakudya Yophunzira ya Boma la Municipal Beijing.Beijing wayamba kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito polypropylene tableware pakati pa ophunzira a pulaimale ndi apakati.
3. Zida zopakira udzu wa udzu: Popeza kuti mtundu, ukhondo, ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za udzu wolongedza zinthu zimakhala zovuta kuthetsa, miyeso yopakira yomwe idaperekedwa kale ndi State Economic and Trade Commission ndi State Technical Supervision Bureau mu Disembala 1999 idaphatikizidwa. Mtundu, ukhondo, ndi zitsulo zolemera zapackage ndizinthu zazikulu zowunikira, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotere pamsika.Kuphatikiza apo, vuto lamphamvu la zida zopangira zida za udzu silinathetsedwe, ndipo silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira zinthu zapanyumba ndi zida zapakhomo, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri.
4. Zida zopangira zida zamapepala: Chifukwa zida zopangira zida zamapepala zimafunikira kuchuluka kwa zamkati, ndipo zamkati zambiri zamatabwa zimawonjezeredwa molingana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana (monga mbale zamasamba zanthawi yomweyo zimafunika kuwonjezera 85-100% ya zamkati zamatabwa kuti zisungidwe. mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa mbale ya noodles),
Packaging Material Testing Center-Best Packaging and Transportation Testing Center ndi yasayansi komanso yachilungamo.Mwanjira imeneyi, kuipitsidwa koyambirira kwa zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzopanga zamapepala ndizovuta kwambiri, komanso kukhudzidwa kwa nkhuni pazachilengedwe kumakhalanso kwakukulu.Choncho, ntchito yake ndi yochepa.Dziko la United States linagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zopangira mapepala m'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1980, koma zasinthidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka ndi wowuma.
5.Zinthu zopakira zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka ndi biodegradable: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, dziko langa, limodzi ndi mayiko otukuka monga United States, Germany, Japan, ndi South Korea, motsatizana anachita kafukufuku wa zinthu zolongedza katundu zomwe zimawonongeka ndi starch, ndipo zinapeza zotsatira zokhutiritsa.Monga zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka mwachilengedwe, polima wowonongeka wachita gawo lapadera pakuteteza chilengedwe, ndipo kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chake zapangidwanso mwachangu.Zomwe zimatchedwa biodegradable zida ziyenera kukhala zida zomwe zimatha kugayidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo zimangopanga zinthu zachilengedwe (carbon dioxide, methane, madzi, biomass, etc.).
Monga choyikapo chotayira, wowuma alibe kuipitsa pakapangidwe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya akagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa nsomba ndi nyama zina, komanso akhoza kunyonyotsoka ngati fetereza.Pakati pa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka kwathunthu, polylactic acid (PLA), yomwe imapangidwa ndi polymerized ndi biosynthetic lactic acid, yakhala yofufuza kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa chakuchita bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za bioengineering ndi zida zamankhwala.biomatadium.Polylactic acid ndi polima wopezedwa ndi kupanga mankhwala kaphatikizidwe wa lactic acid opangidwa ndi kuwira kwachilengedwe, koma amasungabe kuyanjana kwabwino ndi biodegradability.Choncho, asidi polylactic akhoza kukonzedwa mu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ma CD, ndi mowa mphamvu ya kupanga PLA ndi 20% -50% chabe ya mankhwala chikhalidwe petrochemical, ndi mpweya woipa opangidwa ndi lolingana 50% yokha.
M'zaka 20 zapitazi, mtundu watsopano wa zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka ndi biodegradable-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) wapangidwa mwachangu.Ndi poliyesitala okhudza maselo ambiri opangidwa ndi tizilombo tambirimbiri komanso chilengedwe cha polima biomaterial.Ili ndi biocompatibility yabwino, biodegradability komanso matenthedwe opangira mapulasitiki, ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zamankhwala ndi zida zoyikamo zomwe zitha kuwonongeka.Ichi chakhala malo ochita kafukufuku kwambiri pazaka zaposachedwa.Koma ponena za luso lamakono lamakono, sikoyenera kuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonongekazi kungathe kuthetsa "kuipitsa koyera", chifukwa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa si yabwino, ndipo pali mavuto ambiri.Choyamba, mtengo wa biodegradable polima zipangizo ndi mkulu ndipo si zophweka kulimbikitsa ndi ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, bokosi la chakudya chofulumira cha polypropylene lomwe limalimbikitsidwa panjanji m'dziko langa ndi 50% mpaka 80% kuposa bokosi loyambirira la thovu la polystyrene.
Kachiwiri, kagwiridwe kake sikadakwaniritsidwebe.Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu za kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake ndikuti mapulasitiki onse owuma okhala ndi wowuma amakhala ndi vuto lamadzi, osanyowa bwino, komanso amachepetsa kwambiri makina akamakumana ndi madzi.Kukaniza madzi ndiyenso mwayi wa mapulasitiki apano pakugwiritsa ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, bokosi la chakudya chofulumira cha polypropylene lopepuka silikhala lothandiza kwambiri kuposa bokosi la chakudya cha polystyrene lomwe lilipo kale, ndi lofewa, ndipo ndi losavuta kupunduka chakudya chotenthacho chikayikidwa.Mabokosi a styrofoam amadya ndi 1 ~ 2 kuwirikiza.Pulasitiki wa polyvinyl mowa-wowuma wowundana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotayirapo zoyikapo.Poyerekeza ndi zida wamba zopangira mowa wa polyvinyl, kachulukidwe kake kamakhala kokwera pang'ono, ndikosavuta kutsika pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri, ndipo ndikosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi.Zinthu zosungunuka m'madzi.
Chachitatu, vuto la kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zowonongeka za polima liyenera kuthetsedwa.Monga zoyikapo, zimafunikira nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuwongolera nthawi yolondola ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu komanso mwachangu mukatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zofunikira zenizeni, makamaka zodzaza mapulasitiki owuma, omwe ambiri sangawonongeke mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.Ngakhale zoyeserera zambiri zatsimikizira kuti kulemera kwawo kwa maselo kumatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwala kwa ultraviolet, izi sizofanana ndi zofunikira zenizeni.M’maiko otukuka monga United States ndi Ulaya, iwo sanavomerezedwe ndi mabungwe a zachilengedwe ndi anthu.Chachinayi, njira yowunika momwe zinthu ziliri pa zinthu za polima ziyenera kukonzedwa.Chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mapulasitiki owonongeka, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malo, nyengo, kapangidwe ka nthaka, ndi njira zotayira zinyalala za mayiko osiyanasiyana.Choncho, zomwe zikutanthawuza kuwonongeka, kaya nthawi yowonongeka ikuyenera kufotokozedwa, ndi zomwe zimawonongeka, nkhanizi zalephera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano.Njira zowunikira ndi zoyezera ndizosiyana kwambiri.Zimatenga nthawi kukhazikitsa njira yowunikira yogwirizana komanso yokwanira..Chachisanu, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonongeka za polima zidzakhudza kubwezereranso kwa zinthu za polima, ndipo ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa malo ofananirako opangira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi biodegradable.Ngakhale zida zoyikapo za pulasitiki zowonongeka zomwe zidapangidwa pakadali pano sizinatheretu vuto lalikulu la "kuipitsa koyera", ikadali njira yabwino yochepetsera kutsutsanaku.Maonekedwe ake sikuti amangokulitsa ntchito zamapulasitiki, komanso amachepetsa ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, komanso amalimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-08-2021