Kev loj hlob thiab xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom ntim ntsuab Txij li lub xyoo pua tshiab, kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam tau txuas ntxiv txhim kho ntawm kev kub ceev, tab sis nws tseem tab tom ntsib qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb thaum kev txhim kho kev lag luam.Ntawm qhov tod tes, vim muaj kev nce qib hauv kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, biotechnology thiab kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis hauv lub xyoo dhau los, tib neeg lub neej tau khaws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev vam meej ntawm sab ntsuj plig.Tib neeg nrhiav lub neej zoo dua thiab cia siab tias yuav ua lub neej zoo dua.Kev nyab xeeb thiab lub neej ntev dua.Ntawm qhov tod tes, tib neeg tab tom ntsib teeb meem loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm, xws li kev tsis txaus, kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig, kev puas tsuaj ntawm ntuj ecology (ice caps, grasslands, wetlands, biodiversity txo, desertification, acid nag, sandstorms, Chihu, drought Nquag, cov nyhuv tsev cog khoom, El Niño kev nyab xeeb txawv txav), tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau kev ciaj sia ntawm noob neej.Raws li cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb saum toj no, lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov tau raug hais ntau ntxiv hauv cov txheej txheem.
Sustainable txoj kev loj hlob yog hais txog kev txhim kho uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg tiam tom ntej.Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog hais txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev lag luam, zej zog, kev pab, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.Lawv yog cov txheej txheem sib cais uas tsis yog tsuas yog ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv huab cua, dej tshiab, dej hiav txwv, av, thiab thaj av uas tib neeg vam khom rau kev ciaj sia.Cov peev txheej ntuj xws li hav zoov thiab ib puag ncig ua rau cov tiam tom ntej los txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg thiab nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv kev thaj yeeb thiab txaus siab.Kev loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg suav nrog tsib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: kev pab txhim kho, dej huv, kev lag luam ntsuab, kev tsim kho hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.Kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tsis yog cuam tshuam xwb, tab sis tsis zoo ib yam.Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.Kab lus no xav pib nrog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tham txog kev txhim kho thiab cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm cov khoom ntim yas uas peb tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.Tsuas yog tshaj 20 xyoo txij li nws nkag mus rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws, cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov yas tau nyob rau thib plaub hauv ntiaj teb.Cov khoom yas yog qhov nyuaj rau degrade, thiab kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm nws "dawb paug" tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig.Txhua txhua xyoo, ib qho av loj yog nkim rau faus cov khib nyiab yas.Yog tias tsis tswj hwm, nws yuav ua rau peb cov me nyuam thiab cov xeeb ntxwv loj, rau lub ntiaj teb uas peb nyob, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Yog li ntawd, nrhiav cov peev txheej tshiab rau kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov, tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb fawb txog cov khoom lag luam zoo ib puag ncig ntsuab ntim khoom tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej.Txij thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1980 mus txog rau tam sim no, cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tau ua ntau txoj haujlwm tshawb nrhiav los ntawm kev rov ua dua cov ntaub ntawv ntim yas mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los hloov cov khoom ntim yas uas tsis yog degradable.Raws li cov txheej txheem degradation sib txawv ntawm cov yas siv rau cov khoom ntim, tam sim no, nws tau muab faib ua tsib pawg: ob-degradable plastics, polypropylene, nyom fibers, ntawv cov khoom, thiab cov khoom ntim biodegradable tag nrho.
1. Ob chav-degradable yas: ntxiv hmoov nplej rau yas yog hu ua biodegradable yas, ntxiv photodegradation pib hu ua photodegradable yas, thiab ntxiv starch thiab photodegradation pib tib lub sij hawm hu ua ob-degradable yas.Txij li cov yas dual-degradable tsis tuaj yeem degrade tag nrho lub xeev, nws tsuas yog degraded mus rau hauv me me fragments los yog hmoov, thiab kev puas tsuaj rau lub ecological ib puag ncig yuav tsis muaj zog ntawm tag nrho cov, tab sis txawm phem dua.Cov photosensitizers nyob rau hauv lub teeb-degradable plastics thiab ob-degradable plastics muaj ntau yam toxicity, thiab ib txhia yog carcinogens.Feem ntau photodegradation pib yog tsim los ntawm anthracene, phenanthrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, alkylamine, anthraquinone thiab lawv cov derivatives.Cov tebchaw no yog txhua yam tshuaj lom thiab tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav tom qab kis tau ntev.Cov tebchaw no tsim cov dawb radicals nyob rau hauv lub teeb, thiab dawb radicals yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev laus, pathogenic yam, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no paub zoo rau txhua tus, thiab nws ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub ntuj tsim.Hauv xyoo 1995, US FDA (luv luv rau Food and Drug Administration) tau hais meej meej tias cov yas photodegradable tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev ntim khoom noj.
2. Polypropylene: Polypropylene tau maj mam tsim nyob rau hauv Suav lag luam tom qab thawj lub Xeev Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam Commission tau tshaj tawm 6 qhov kev txiav txim " txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom siv foamed yas pov tseg ".Vim tias yav dhau los Lub Xeev Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag thiab Kev Lag Luam tau txwv "cov khoom ua npuas ncauj" thiab tsis txwv "cov khoom tsis muaj npuas" cov khoom, qee cov neeg siv qhov zoo ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov cai hauv tebchaws.Cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm polypropylene tau ntxim nyiam ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Tub Ntxhais Kawm ntawm Beijing Municipal Government.Beijing tau pib txwv tsis pub siv polypropylene tableware ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm theem pib thiab theem nrab.
3. Straw fiber ntim cov ntaub ntawv: Raws li cov xim, kev huv, thiab lub zog siv teeb meem ntawm cov nyom fiber ntau cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov nyuaj los daws, cov txheej txheem ntim khoom tau muab los ntawm Lub Xeev Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam yav dhau los thiab Lub Xeev Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1999 suav nrog Cov xim, kev nyiam huv, thiab cov hlau hnyav ntawm cov khoom ntim yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam, uas txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom siv hauv khw.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm lub zog ntawm cov nyom fiber ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntim tsis tau daws, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj poob siab rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov cuab yeej siv, thiab tus nqi kuj yog siab heev.
4. Cov khoom ntim cov ntaub ntawv: Vim tias cov ntawv ntim khoom ntim cov ntaub ntawv xav tau ntau cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab cov khoom siv ntoo ntau ntxiv raws li cov kev xav tau sib txawv (xws li lub tais ntim khoom noj yuav tsum tau ntxiv 85-100% ntawm cov ntoo pulp los tswj. lub zog thiab ruaj khov ntawm instant noodle tais),
Packaging Material Testing Center-Best Packaging and Transportation Testing Center yog kev tshawb fawb thiab ncaj ncees.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov pa phem thaum ntxov ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov ntawv yog qhov hnyav heev, thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntoo ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj kuj tseem ceeb heev.Yog li ntawd, nws daim ntawv thov raug txwv.Tebchaws Asmeskas tau siv ntau cov khoom ntim ntawv hauv xyoo 1980 thiab 1980s, tab sis nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom siv biodegradable starch.
5.Fully biodegradable ntim cov ntaub ntawv: Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990s, kuv lub teb chaws, nrog rau tsim lub teb chaws xws li lub tebchaws United States, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Nyiv, thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb, ua tiav kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab biodegradable ntim cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo.Raws li cov khoom siv degradable, biodegradable polymer tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob kuj tau tsim sai heev.Cov ntaub ntawv hu ua biodegradable yuav tsum yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem zom tag nrho los ntawm cov kab mob thiab tsuas yog tsim cov khoom lag luam (carbon dioxide, methane, dej, biomass, thiab lwm yam).
Raws li cov khoom ntim pov tseg, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tsis muaj kuab paug thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom thiab siv, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua khoom noj tom qab siv rau kev pub ntses thiab lwm yam tsiaj, thiab nws tuaj yeem degraded li chiv.Ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntim biodegradable, polylactic acid (PLA), uas yog polymerized los ntawm biosynthetic lactic acid, tau dhau los ua cov kws tshawb fawb tshaj plaws hauv xyoo tas los no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si bioengineering cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv biomedical.biomaterials.Polylactic acid yog ib qho polymer uas tau los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lactic acid uas tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha, tab sis nws tseem tswj hwm biocompatibility zoo thiab biodegradability.Yog li ntawd, polylactic acid tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntim, thiab kev siv lub zog ntawm PLA ntau lawm tsuas yog 20% -50% ntawm cov khoom siv petrochemical, thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide tsim tsuas yog sib npaug li 50%.
Hauv 20 xyoo dhau los, ib hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom ntim biodegradable-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) tau tsim sai heev.Nws yog ib qho intracellular polyester synthesized los ntawm ntau cov kab mob thiab ib tug natural polymer biomaterial.Nws muaj biocompatibility zoo, biodegradability thiab thermal ua cov khoom ntawm cov yas, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv biomedical thiab biodegradable ntim cov ntaub ntawv.Qhov no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshawb fawb hotspot hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom ntim ntsuab hauv xyoo tas los.Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tam sim no, nws tsis tsim nyog xav tias kev siv cov khoom degradable no tuaj yeem daws "dawb paug", vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom no tsis zoo tagnrho, thiab tseem muaj ntau yam teeb meem.Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tus nqi ntawm biodegradable polymer cov ntaub ntawv yog siab thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau kev txhawb nqa thiab thov.Piv txwv li, lub thawv ntim khoom noj ceev polypropylene degradable tau txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv kuv lub tebchaws yog 50% mus rau 80% siab dua li qub polystyrene ua npuas ncauj ntim khoom noj ceev.
Qhov thib ob, qhov kev ua tau zoo tseem tsis tau txaus siab.Ib qho ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws txoj kev siv yog tias tag nrho cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab uas muaj cov yas degradable muaj cov dej tsis zoo, tsis muaj zog ntub dej, thiab txo cov khoom siv kho tshuab thaum raug dej.Dej tsis kam yog qhov zoo ntawm cov yas tam sim no thaum siv.Piv txwv li, lub teeb-biodegradable polypropylene ceev zaub mov lub thawv yog qhov siv tau tsawg dua li cov polystyrene ua npuas ncauj ceev cov khoom noj uas twb muaj lawm, nws yog mos, thiab nws yooj yim rau deform thaum cov zaub mov kub tau teeb tsa.Styrofoam noj su lub thawv yog 1 ~ 2 zaug loj dua.Polyvinyl cawv- starch biodegradable yas yog siv los ua cov khoom pov tseg cushioning rau ntim.Piv nrog dog dig polyvinyl cawv cov ntaub ntawv rho dej, nws qhov tseeb ntom ntom yog qhov yooj yim me ntsis, nws yog qhov yooj yim me ntsis, nws yooj yim kom yaj hauv dej.Cov khoom siv dej-soluble.
Thib peb, qhov teeb meem ntawm degradation tswj ntawm degradable polymer cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau daws.Raws li cov khoom ntim, nws yuav tsum muaj qee lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm tswj kom raug thiab ua kom tiav thiab degradation sai tom qab siv.Tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem degraded hauv ib xyoos.Txawm hais tias ntau qhov kev sim tau ua pov thawj tias lawv qhov hnyav molecular poob qis hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ultraviolet rays, qhov no tsis zoo ib yam li cov kev xav tau.Hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Europe, lawv tsis tau txais los ntawm cov koom haum ib puag ncig thiab cov pej xeem.Plaub, txoj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm biodegradability ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer yuav tsum tau txhim kho.Vim muaj ntau yam txwv tsis pub muaj kev degradation ntawm cov yas degradable, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig, kev nyab xeeb, av muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab cov txheej txheem pov tseg ntawm ntau lub teb chaws.Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog txhais los ntawm degradation, seb lub sij hawm degradation yuav tsum tau txhais, thiab dab tsi yog cov khoom degradation, cov teeb meem no tau ua tsis tiav qhov kev pom zoo.Cov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab cov qauv tseem muaj ntau haiv neeg.Nws yuav siv sij hawm los tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab ua tiav txoj kev ntsuam xyuas..Thib tsib, kev siv cov ntaub ntawv polymer degradable yuav cuam tshuam rau kev rov ua dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer, thiab nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj cov chaw ua haujlwm zoo sib xws rau cov khoom siv biodegradable.Txawm hais tias cov khoom ntim yas degradable tam sim no tsis tau daws qhov teeb meem loj "dawb paug" ntau ntxiv, nws tseem yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los daws qhov tsis sib haum xeeb.Nws cov tsos tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav dav cov haujlwm ntawm cov yas, tab sis kuj yooj yim rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-08-2021